The Element Chlorine Essay Example For Students

The Element: Chlorine Essay The Element: ChlorineGeneral InformationWe researched the chemical element known as chlorine. Chlorine hasan atomic number of 17 and an atomic weight of 35.453. It has avalence number of 3. The element has 3 energy levels. Chlorine existsas a greenish-yellow gas at normal temperatures and pressures. Chlorineis second in reactivity only to fluorine among the halogen elements. Chlorine is a nonmetal. It is estimated that 0.045% of the earthscrust and 1.9% of sea water are chlorine. Chlorine combines withmetals and nonmetals and organic materials to form hundreds ofchlorine compounds. Chlorine is about 2.5 times as dense as air andmoderately soluble in water, forming a pale yellowish green solution. Chlorine is so reactive that it never occurs free in nature. We will write a custom essay on The Element: Chlorine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Chemical PropertiesChlorine is in the halogen family, and like all the otherhalogen elements chlorine has a strong tendency to gain one electronand become a chloride ion. Chlorine readily reacts with metals to formchlorides, most of which are soluble in water. Chlorine also reactsdirectly with many nonmetals such as sulfur, phosphorus, and otherhalogens. Chlorine can support combustion; if a candle were to be throwninto a vessel of chlorine, it would continue to burn, releasing dense,black clouds of smoke, The chlorine combines with hydrogen of theparaffin, forming hydrogen chloride, and uncombined carbon is left inthe form of soot. Soot is black residue from fuel. Chlorine replacesiodine and bromine from their salts. Dry chlorine is somewhat inert ornot able to move, but moist chlorine unites directly with most of theelements. HistoryChlorine was discovered in 1774 by Karl Scheele. Humphry Davyproved that chlorine was an element. Extensive production began 100years later. During the 20th Century. The amount of Chlorine used wasconsidered a measure of industrial growth. In, 1975 chlorineproductions ranked seventh on the list of largest-volume chemicalsproduced in the United States. The importance of chlorine has changedas new uses have been added. In 1925 paper and pulp used over one-half . The chlorine made and chemical products only 10%. By the 1960spaper and pulp use accounted for only 15-17% and the chemical usesincreased to 75-80%. Peoples uses have contributed to the growth oflarge cities, and new textiles, plastics, paints, and miscellaneous useshave raised mans standard of living. Many large companies are basedprimarily on the manufacture of chlorine and its compounds. In 197817% of the United States production went into the production of vinylchloride monomer. Other chlorinated organics consumed 48 % of UnitedStates Production. Toxicity and PrecautionsChlorine was used in World War I as a poison gas. In factmost poisonous gases have chlorine in them. Chlorine is very corrosiveto moist tissue and has a very irritating effect on the lungs andmucous membranes of the nose and throat. Inhalation of chlorine gascan cause edema of the lungs and respiratory stoppage. When hydrogenand chlorine gases are mixed together, the mixture is stable if keptin a cool, dark place. If heated or exposed to sunlight, the mixtureexplodes. Chlorine is easily liquefied and usually transported in itsliquid state in pressurized drums. Great care must be taken, however,to prevent the containers from bursting and liberating large amountsof the gas. In the United States most European countries, largequantities of chlorine may only be transported by train. The presenttrend is to limit the transport of chlorine as much as possible byproducing and using the element in the same location. .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb , .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .postImageUrl , .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb , .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb:hover , .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb:visited , .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb:active { border:0!important; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb:active , .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c5e2c4e8d0b9b6a4e02943301334fcb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Advertising Ethical? EssayUsesChlorine has many great uses. Chlorine is an excellentoxidizing agent. At first. The use of Chlorine was used as ableaching agent in the paper, pulp, and textile industries and as agermicide for drinking water preparation swimming pool purification, andhospital sanitation has made community living possible. Chlorine is used in bleaching as said before. The bleachingaction of chlorine in aqueous solution is due to the formation ofhypochlorous acid, a powerful oxidizing agent. If a colored, oxidizablematerial is present, hypochlorous acid releases its oxygen to oxidizethe material to a colorless compound. Liquid bleach is usually anaqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, and dry powder bleachescontain chloride of lime. Since chlorine destroys silk and wool,commercial hypochlorite bleaches should never be used on these fibers. Chlorine is also used as a disinfectant. The oxidizing abilityof chloride of lime enables it to destroy bacteria; therefore largeamounts are used to treat municipal water systems. This chemical isalso used in swimming pools and for treating sewage. Chlorine is used as rock salt. Sodium chloride, NaCl, is useddirectly as mined (rock salt), or as found on the surface, or asbrine also known as salt water. It can be dissolved, purified, andreprecipated or given in return for use in foods or when chemicalpurity is required. Its main uses are in the production of soda ashand chlorine products. The form uses it as refrigeration, dust, andice control, food processing, and food preservation. Calcium chloride,CaCl2, is usually obtained from salt water or as a by product ofchemical processing. Its main uses are road treatment, coal treatment,and concrete conditioning. In addition to these products, for which chlorine is needed,various other chlorine compounds play an important part in chemistryand the chemical industry. The chlorides of most metals are easilysoluble in water, which widens their applicability. Some otherimportant compounds are the chlorates, the perchlorates, and thehypochlorites. Hydrochloric acid is one of the most frequently usedacids. PreparationThe most important method for preparation of chlorine is theelectrolysis of a solution of common salt, sodium chloride. Thechlorine gas is liberated at the positive anode or positively chargedelectrode, which is made of graphite since a metal anode would reactwith chlorine. At the iron cathode or negatively charged electrode,sodium ions are reduced to sodium metal, which reacts immediately withwater to form sodium hydroxide. Another method of preparing chlorine is by the electrolysis ofmolten salt. This process is used specifically to produce sodium, andthe chlorine is a commercial by product. When large quantities ofwaste hydrochloric and are available. Chlorine may be recovered byoxidation of the acid. This method has the advantage of convertinggreat quantities of waste acid to useful substances. No matter what process is used to prepare chlorine, the gasmust be well dried. Dry chlorine is much less corrosive than moistchlorine gas. In the laboratory chlorine may be prepared by heatingmanganese oxide with hydrochloric acid. ConclusionIn conclusion chlorine is a very wonderful element. Chlorine hashundreds of compounds. If we did not have these compounds we wouldnot have clean water, we would have an insect problem, we could notmake many important compounds that are used in medicine, and some ofthe battles in World War I might have been lost if it were not forchlorine. Our world would not be the same if not for chlorine.

Free Essays on The Temple And The Holy Sepulchre How They Were Made Sacred Using Eliade’s’ Terms.

The Temple and the Holy Sepulchre how they were made sacred using Eliade’s’ terms. â€Å" Those ancient sages who sought to secure the presence of divine beings by the erection of shrines and statues showed insight into the nature of all; they perceived that, though the soul is everywhere traceable, its presence will be secured all the more readily when an appropriate receptacle is elaborated†¦ serving like a mirror to catch an image of it† - Plotinus (205-270ce) The followers of the Abrahamic traditions embraced Plotinus’ concept by erecting buildings in locations of great spiritual significance. The Temple and Holy Sepulchre are two of the most significant shrines in Judaism and Christianity respectively. According to Eliade who wrote, The Sacred and Profane, both these places are real, holy and eternal and therefore are sacred, even though they are of two different traditions. Looking through Eliade‘s eyes at these two buildings one can trace the aspects and moments that led to them to being made sacred. From their location to the acts that occurred within their walls, there are numerous examples to illustrate Eliade’s concepts. By looking closely at a couple of examples for the Temple and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre it will show how these two buildings would be made sacred. By comparing both buildings we will see how by using Eliade’s concepts of sacred we can define the Jewish Temple and the Christians Ho ly Sepulchre as sacred. It is in the pages of the Old Testament that we learn a lot of the Temple’s history. Though modern archaeologists have never proven it to exist; for the Jewish people it not only existed but holds great importance as well. The Temple is an axis mundi, a sacred place â€Å"which at once connects and supports heaven and earth and whose base are fixed in the world below†. This connection â€Å"ensures communication with the world of [God].† It was built by Solomon on the top of Mt... Free Essays on The Temple And The Holy Sepulchre How They Were Made Sacred Using Eliade’s’ Terms. Free Essays on The Temple And The Holy Sepulchre How They Were Made Sacred Using Eliade’s’ Terms. The Temple and the Holy Sepulchre how they were made sacred using Eliade’s’ terms. â€Å" Those ancient sages who sought to secure the presence of divine beings by the erection of shrines and statues showed insight into the nature of all; they perceived that, though the soul is everywhere traceable, its presence will be secured all the more readily when an appropriate receptacle is elaborated†¦ serving like a mirror to catch an image of it† - Plotinus (205-270ce) The followers of the Abrahamic traditions embraced Plotinus’ concept by erecting buildings in locations of great spiritual significance. The Temple and Holy Sepulchre are two of the most significant shrines in Judaism and Christianity respectively. According to Eliade who wrote, The Sacred and Profane, both these places are real, holy and eternal and therefore are sacred, even though they are of two different traditions. Looking through Eliade‘s eyes at these two buildings one can trace the aspects and moments that led to them to being made sacred. From their location to the acts that occurred within their walls, there are numerous examples to illustrate Eliade’s concepts. By looking closely at a couple of examples for the Temple and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre it will show how these two buildings would be made sacred. By comparing both buildings we will see how by using Eliade’s concepts of sacred we can define the Jewish Temple and the Christians Ho ly Sepulchre as sacred. It is in the pages of the Old Testament that we learn a lot of the Temple’s history. Though modern archaeologists have never proven it to exist; for the Jewish people it not only existed but holds great importance as well. The Temple is an axis mundi, a sacred place â€Å"which at once connects and supports heaven and earth and whose base are fixed in the world below†. This connection â€Å"ensures communication with the world of [God].† It was built by Solomon on the top of Mt...

Letter to the Instructor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Letter to the Instructor - Essay Example The lessons have taught us that the writing process involves the conversion of ideas, thoughts and objectives to writings on paper with the audience in mind. One of my biggest challenges was to transform ideas into logical events when writing. Having mentioned one of the strengths I have discovered about myself which is the transformation of ideas and arranging them in some sensible order as in the Bus Stop essay I wrote during the semester. This is one of the ways your essay lessons have enabled me to transform my challenges into strengths. In the beginning focusing on the subject to write about was one of the most difficult tasks to accomplish as I always found my mind drifting away from the main subject. The other problem was that I kept worrying about my sentence structures and grammar and lacked the confidence to be creative in my writing. I managed to overcome all these problems through the lessons I learnt from you. I learned that the lack of confidence in my writing could be easily overcome by sharpening my writing skills and investing more time in thinking and drafting my ideas before beginning to write. I further improved my writing by setting certain standards with timelines to meet these goals such as reducing grammar mistakes in each subsequent essay and improving on the logical sequence of ideas in my writing. In the Bus Stop essay, the first sentence as mentioned earlier gives the reader an idea of what the rest of the paragraph is all about. The first statement on how I find myself in the middle of beauty of sunset which is a positive impression dictates the form that the rest of the paragraph will take. The paragraph underscores the beauty of the place. I have improved my confidence and use of similes and metaphors. For instance, in ‘Bus stop’ I use the simile as â€Å"nimbly as a squirrel† to portray the distinction between the

Marketing Management College Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Management College - Assignment Example It has recently co-sponsored "The Kustom Jetty Surf Pro Junior" with prize moneyof $30,000AUD at Torquay, Fairhaven VIC from 8 January 2007to 14 January 2007. Clothing is one of basic human need and whole population is potential market for a clothing company. Though the company in question i.e. Jettysurf, presently doesn't have the capability in terms of presences as well as range of cloths, fulfilling the exact demand of all variety of customers, at every place. So it has to take up a portion of the total market for which it can provide its offerings with its current resources. Jettysurf is having around 20 stores which are mainly located in Southern and western part of Australia, and it has one website which is providing only information about Jettysurf, without any online ordering facility. Even if the website had an online order facility, customer would not have liked to order online, as for making a buying decision for cloths, customer normally likes to have a feel of cloth and fitting. This limits the total available market to population near the stores. Purchase of cloths can mainly be driven by various needs like replacement for torn or faded cloths, new cloths for some important occasion, change in anatomy like growing children or persons attending gym for slimming down and lastly just to be in latest fashion and to have some change. First reason can be more dominant for older people who would not like to change a cloth until it has been used fully. These are the people who have seen tough time in there life and are best described by Meredith Schewe and Karlovich (cited in Kotler 2003) as The Dispersion Cohort, The Word War II Cohort and The Post wart Cohort and are above 55 yrs age. This group can also have younger people also but relatively in less number. Purchase decision due to this reason sees a static demand of cloths throughout the year and this group sees cloth as means of covering up the body, though decently. Occasion based purchases are more concentrated during festive seasons or on personal events like birthdays, marriages or anniversaries and this group generally encompasses all age groups. Purchases done just for a change are normally seen in youth, Young at hearts or in one having low responsibility and having disposable income. Since cloths are being purchased for being in latest fashion (which also changes relatively rapidly), to accommodate physical changes or just to satisfy urge for shopping, purchase rate is high in this segment. Further, these impulsive or fashion driven purchase act is relatively seen more in females. This is somewhat true for occasion based purchases also. Census data of Australian Bureau of Statistics, as reproduced below, shows that more than fifty-five percent of Australians are between 15-55 years of age and around fifty percent of Australians are females. AGE Population of Australia % of total persons for Australia Age groups: 0-4 years 1,243,969 6.6% 5-14 years 2,668,506 14.2% 15-24 years 2,566,346 13.7% 25-54 years 8,159,808 43.5% 55-64 years 1,759,742 9.4% 65 years and over 2,370,878 12.6% Population of Australia % of total persons for Australia Males 9,270,466 49.4% Females 9,498,783 50.6% Jettysurf stores provide more of casual clothing and accessories which are

Diffusion, Dialysis Essay Example for Free

Diffusion, Dialysis Essay In Diffusion, Dialysis And Osmosis lab, we discovered that we were going to observe and understand the conditions under which diffusion, dialysis, and osmosis occur. Then we constructed models of diffusion, dialysis, and osmosis. We predicted that the direction of change would be from the membrane to the beaker. We understood how these processes affected the selectivity of the cell membrane. The second part of the lab was dealing with dialysis. In this part we studied starch and sodium chloride for dialysis activity. In Part A We hypothesized that NaCl existed in 1-3 and AgNO existed 2-4. In Part B We hypothesized that there will be more changes in the cell then outside the cell. In Part C We hypothesized that there will be a difference due to the different environments that are provide to help change the appearance of a molecule. Procedure A. Qualitative testing for sodium chloride and starch We got 6 clean test tubes and number them 1-6. Test tubes 12 had 5ml of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). Test tubes 34 had 5ml of starch. Test tubes 56 had 5ml of distilled water. We added 2-3 drops of silver nitrate (AgNO )to 1,3,5. We added 2-3 drops of iodine solution to 2,4,6. B. Dialysis of a starch/sodium chloride mixture Get one dialysis tube and tie one end. Fill the bag with 5ml of 10% Sodium chloride solution and 5ml of starch solution from Part A. then tie the tube and place it in a beaker of distilled water. Leave the tube for 30 minutes. Afterwards test for the presence of starch and sodium chloride. Then split the solution into to test tubes and 2-3 drops of iodine into one test tube and 2-3 drops of AgNO in the other test tube. C. Osmosis using dialysis tubing as a model of the cell membrane Obtain 5 beakers and label them 1-5. Fill beakers 1-4 halfway with distilled water. And beaker 5 with 30% sucrose halfway. Obtain 5 dialysis tubes that will be filled with 10ml of different solutions. Tube 1 has distilled water, Tube 2 has 10% sucrose, Tube 3 has 20% sucrose, Tube 4 has 30% sucrose, and Tube 5 has distilled water. Tie the tubes and weigh each of them before placing them in there respected beakers. Every 15 minutes weigh the tubes to record the change. In Part B we found that outside test tube; salt existed and not sugar. But inside the test tubes both the starch and the salt existed in the two different tubes. In this part there weren’t any problems and we were successful in gathering the necessary results to move to the next section. This helping prove our hypothesis right because it meant that there would be more changes inside the cell than outside the cell. In Part C we found that Beaker 1 had no changes in weight. In Beaker 2 there were changes that ranged from 0-1. 1. In Beaker 3 there were changes that ranged from 0-2. 1. In Beaker 4 there were changes that ranged from 0-4. 8. In Beaker 5 there were changes that ranged from -2. 7-0. This is the results that my group gathered from another group that did well because our results were way off and inconsistent. So we were forced to use better results to find better explanations. We understood that the conditions under which osmosis is possible and to what degree it occurs. There were three different types of temperate environments. This helping prove our hypothesis right because it meant that different environments help change the appearance of a molecule.

Communication as the Key to Good Writing Essay -- Language Education W

Communication as the Key to Good Writing Writing as it exists in this world can be interpreted an infinite amount of ways. Some believe it to be communication, some self expression. Some believe that it is a tool to explain one self, others think it complicates things. Ultimately, writing is used for remembering things so that you can eventually communicate with yourself and others about what you thought at a previous time. If you can talk without confusing, then you can write without confusing. It is as simple as that. In order for someone to become a good writer, all that person has got to do is make sense of their feelings by writing them down in a fashion that is understood by those who one wishes to communicate with. That is, tell the people what you have got to say and explain it so that they can understand. If you do not, you fail as a writer because no one can understand you or what you are saying. If you want to be a good writer, you must make it so that the public can understand it. In order for a piece of writing to be taken by the public as good, a writer must make the literature seem real. If people do not believe it or believe that it could happen, then it is lost. Reality, though, does not mean if does exist or not. Instead it should seem as if it could exist or not. There has not been a sufficient amount of evidence to prove the existence of U.F.O.'s, werewolves, or unicorns but that does not mean that good literature cannot be written about it. It has. Of course, the subject covered in a piece of literature will not appeal to everyone, but you never really are talking to everyone anyway. To make the writing seem real, you should make it seem like you are talking directly to the reader in a believable fashio... ... relate to all the people of the time and for those who could not read, a public theatre was created to visually show the story. And what makes a good writer today? Well today's world is much different than Shakspeares day. Now their are thousands of excellent writers that no one hears about because there are so many different things to read. Every individual can find a piece of literature that can directly relate to them. There are books and magazines about each and every subject imaginable. And the reason for this success is because all of these writers know exactly what they want to write about and only those who wish to associate with the same subject will read it. This diversity can make anyone great in the same subject area as those who read it. These writers know what they are saying and can say it in a way that is believable, interesting, and realistic.

Response to Text Carlitos Way

Response to Text: Carlitos Way The film Carlito’s Way directed by Brian De Palma uses visual and verbal techniques to show the idea of world of crime. The main aspects of world of crime are loyalty, betrayal and can’t escape your past are all shown in the film. Together visual and verbal techniques are used to show the main idea of the film which is world of crime. An important idea in the film Carlito’s Way is the idea of loyalty. Loyalty is shown throughout the film by Carlito to his friends. Carlito played by Al Pacino shows loyalty to his friend Dave played by Sean Penn when he is going on the boat to help get Tony T out of Prison.The verbal technique dialogue is used to show the idea of loyalty. When Carlito is on the boat with Frank Tony T’s son Frank asks Carlito, â€Å"is this guy a friend of yours,† and Carlito replies ,â€Å"Yea, He’s a friend of mine,† this shows that Carlito is loyal to Dave even though they are in a situat ion where Carlito could go back to Prison, or worse he could die. Brian De Palma has used dialogue to show that in the world of crime loyalty is a big idea and when people are loyal to their friends then they will do anything for them even if it is a danger to their life.This show the Audience that Carlito is loyal to Dave for getting him out prison and feels that he owes Dave and he will pay him back in any way. This also shows in the world of crime you must also pay people back when you owe them. I’ve learnt from this that in the World of Crime I should be loyal to my Friends no matter what situation I am in. Another important idea in Carlito’s Way is the idea, can’t escape your past. The idea of can’t escape your past is shown by Carlito when he has just hit Benny Blanco down the stairs and is shown through the visual technique and verbal technique of lighting and voiceover.When Carlito is standing at the top of the stairs about to hit Benny Blanco the lighting on his face is red which shows Carlito’s dark and bloody past, he then hits Benny and there is a voiceover of Carlito saying â€Å"Dumb move, man. Dumb move. But it's like them old reflexes coming' back. † this reinforces the idea of can’t escape your past because that is what Carlito used to do in his past. Brian De Palma uses these to show that when you have got into the World of Crime you can’t escape even when you want to.This shows the Audience that you can’t escape the world of crime even if you want to start fresh as it will always drag you back in. I have learnt from this that you shouldn’t get in to the world of crime in the first place as you will never be able to get out of it once you are in, even if you try to get out. Another important idea in Carlito’s Way is the Idea of betrayal. This idea is the most important as it would be the most common in the world of crime. It doesn’t matter who is going to betr ay you, it could be your best friend or a family member they can still betray you if they think it’s going to benefit them.The idea of betrayal is shown by Pachanga when he betrays Carlito to Benny Blanco and is shown through the verbal feature Dialogue. When Carlito is at the train station and about to board the train Benny Blanco shows up and shoots him, Pachanga then comes and says ,â€Å"Hey no hard feelings Carlito. But I got to think about my future, too. You know, it is that way sometimes, papi. Come on, let's go,† Benny then says, â€Å"No you stay here,† and then kills Pachanga because he is no more use to Benny.Brian De Palma uses this feature to show that in the world of crime Carlito can be betrayed by anybody even one of his closest friends. This also shows that in the World of Crime someone can betray you just because they need to make some money and that it doesn’t matter if you have been friends your whole life. This shows the audience tha t betrayal is very common in the world of crime and can come from anywhere even your closest friends. I have learnt from this that in the world of crime you should trust no one as you don’t know who could betray you.In conclusion the visual and verbal features such as dialogue, lighting and voice over are all used to show the ideas of can’t escape your past, betrayal and loyalty which are all in the World of Crime. All the techniques together can show the viewer the ideas about betrayal and how anyone can betray you in the world of crime, the idea of loyalty and how you should be loyal to your friends in the World of Crime no matter what situation you are in and the idea of you can’t escape your past and when you get into the World of Crime you can’t get out even if you want to.Brian De Palma used these visual and verbal features to show the audience the world of crime and how it affects you in life. I have also learnt from this film that you should be lo yal to your friends but also be wary because betrayal could come from any direction whether it is friend or family and eventually your past can catch up with you.